Variation

A human blood typing system controlled by three alleles (IA, IB, and i) that produce four possible blood types: A, B, AB, and O.

Characteristics that develop during an organism’s lifetime because of environment or experience, and cannot be passed to offspring.
Example: scars or muscle growth from exercise.

A trait that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.

A bacterium commonly used in genetic engineering to transfer new genes into plant cells.

A different form of the same gene.
For example, the gene for eye colour can have different alleles that produce brown or blue eyes.

The proportion of a particular allele in a population.
Evolution occurs when allele frequencies change over time.

The ability of some bacteria to survive and reproduce even when exposed to antibiotics, often due to genetic mutations.

A molecule found on the surface of red blood cells that determines a person’s blood type.

Example: A antigen or B antigen.

Two nitrogen bases joined together in DNA. The bases always pair in a specific way:

• A pairs with T

• C pairs with G

These base pairs form the genetic code.

A fuel made from plant oils or animal fats that can be used as an alternative to diesel fuel.