Variation

A reproductive cell (sperm or egg) that carries one set of chromosomes and one allele for each gene.

A section of DNA that contains instructions for a particular characteristic, such as eye colour or blood type.

A tool used in biotechnology to shoot tiny DNA-coated particles into plant cells to insert new genes.

The specific gene scientists want to insert into an organism because it produces a useful trait.

The variety of different genes and alleles found within a population. Greater genetic diversity helps populations survive environmental changes

A biotechnology technique where scientists directly modify DNA, often by inserting a gene from another organism.

A technique used to identify individuals by analysing differences in their DNA.

The process of changing an organism’s DNA to give it new characteristics.

A change in the DNA sequence that can alter how a gene functions.

Some mutations cause disease, while others have little or no effect.

The protection of an individual’s genetic information from misuse, such as discrimination by employers or insurance companies.